Мақалдарды аудару тақырыбына арналған шет тілі рефераты

Contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter I. Proverbs and their common features……………………………5

1.1. Definition of proverbs………………………………………….……...5

1.2. Types of proverbs on meanings motivation . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . …......7

1.3. Proverbs as a phraseological unit………………………...…………….11

Chapter II. The translation peculiarities of proverbs……………………16

2.1. Translating proverbs with phonetic stylistic devices………………….20

2.2. Translating proverbs with lexical stylistic devices…………………...22

2.3. Translating proverbs with syntactic stylistic devices…………………25

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ….…...27

Bibliography . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … ………………….….28

INTRODUCTION

Folk was in all the times the biggest creator of beauty, witty and meaningful thoughts. Our ancestors were certain of the fact that the longest way around is the shortest way home, that a friend is never known till needed, or that there is nо place like home. People had expressed these true facts in proverbs, brief, memorable, and intuitively convincing statements of socially accepted advice. The majority of these statements got also an additional, metaphorical meaning. In order to make them more emotional people made use of meaningful epithets, metaphors, personifications, similes.

It is important to mention that nearly all cultures possess a repertoire of proverbs. They have been collected and studied for centuries as informative and useful linguistic signs of cultural values and thoughts. However, at a certain moment, these stop to be illustrations of the experience of a certain community. Proverbs influence and are also influenced by the culture of other nations. At the same time every culture has its peculiar national characteristics that are not so easy to render in other language. That is why the main aim of my course paper is to find out the difficulties that may occur in rendering stylistic devices of English proverbs.

The subject of my course work is devoted to the study of translating with different stylistic devices of proverbs in English language.

In the process of carrying out this research I intend to accomplish the following objectives:

•to determine the characteristic features of proverbs;

•to find out what stylistic devices can be used in proverbs;

•to specify the function of various stylistic devices and ways of rendering them in another language, namely in Kazakh.

The issue of my course paper was investigated by such linguists as V. N. Komissarov, S.Vlahov and S. Florin, V. S. Vinogradov, I. V. Korunets, but most of them dealt more with the rendering of idiomatic expression in general. Just a few materials are dedicated to rendering namely stylistic devices.

The novelty of my research consists in the fact that I will analyze what kind of stylistic devices is possible to preserve while rendering into other language and which stylistic devices are difficult to keep, whether it is possible to keep them intact or it is necessary to make some changes, whether the changes of stylistic device affects somehow the meaning of the original proverb.

The present research is interesting and up to date due to the fact that proverbs may be identified with a perpetual school of thinking, even if some people claim that they are on their way to extinction in highly developed societies. Of course, some proverbs have dropped out of use because their message or metaphor does not fit the times any longer. At the same time new proverbs or at least new endings that reflect the mores and situation of the present time are constantly added to the proverbial repertoire. Taking these into consideration we may affirm that proverbs are indeed alive and continue to play a significant role in the modern age.

More than that, together with the development of modern means of communication and the world tendency for globalization, proverbs are spread faster and are employed more frequently than in any other time. They are used not only in literary works or day by day life but also in mass media, advertising, political and business world. Bearing in mind these life domains, I consider that the correct rendering of stylistic devices needs a special attention from the translators and interprets while these are often involved in conveying of the meaning, in creating images that produce a specific effect.

The theoretical value of the course paper is to investigate the structural types of proverbs in English, to give their equivalents in related and related languages, to analyze and differentiate proverbs in investigated languages.

The practical value of this course paper is that, practical result and all the given examples can be used in practical lessons, writing compositions in colloquial and written speech. This work also can be useful to other students who are interested in this field as in this work there is given the table of the most often used proverbs in English.

The structure of course paper is as follows: introduction, main part, conclusion, bibliography.

The main part consists of two chapters. The first chapter, theoretical one, consists of three subchapters. And all subchapters are about definition of the word “proverb”, types and etc.

The second chapter is a practical one. As well as the previous chapter it includes three subchapters that differ according to the group of stylistic devices they deal with.

CHAPTER I. PROVERBS AND THEIR COMMON FEATURES

1.1. Definition of Proverbs

Proverbs are part of every spoken language and folk literature, originating in oral tradition. It represent a saying popularly known and repeated, usually expressing simply and concretely, though often metaphorically; a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of mankind . Often a proverb is found with variations in many different parts of the world that is why it is usually very difficult to trace the origin and history of a proverb in a particular language.

The term “proverb” dates the 14th century, being the modern variant of the Middle English “proverbe”. The roots of the Middle English term are to be found in Latin word proverbium formed out of the preposition pro meaning “for” and verbum, meaning “word”, in other words etymologically the English word means "in place (i.e. for) of words". Subsequently a proverb is usually a succinct statement that stands in place of a long explanation and expresses a truth about reality .

Matti Kuusi has given a concise etymology of the word «proverb» in different languages. In addition to the expressions “word uttered” or “word said”, it may also have the meaning of “a statement in support of something” (Welsh or Cymric), a “wise word” (Komi or Zyryan) or an “influential word” (Japanese).

Literate societies dating to the ancient times have collected proverbs. Dr. Thomas L. Constable mentions "The Book of Proverbs" that includes wise sayings of several different individuals, some of them belonging to Solomon, others to unnamed wise men (sages). The compendium includes proverbs copied from, or at least influenced by, earlier Mesopotamian and Egyptian books of wisdom. In the “Britannica Concise Encyclopedia” it is stated that one of the earliest English proverb collections, The Proverbs of Alfred, dates from с 1150–80. In North America the best-known collection is probably Poor Richard's, an almanac published 1732–57 by Benjamin Franklin.

W. Mieder , the foremost proverb scholar in the United States, divides proverbs into two types. On the one hand, there are proverbs that have the same meaning but different structures, vocabulary, and metaphors, and they consequently have different origins in their respective languages. Whoever needs to translate one of these texts would have to know the quite different equivalent in the target language or to find it in a dictionary.

On the other hand, according to Mieder’s opinion there are many proverbs that are identical not only in German and English but in most Germanic, Romance, and Slavic languages of Europe, and these do not present any particular translation problem.

The definition of a proverb has caused scholars from many disciplines much dispute over the centuries. A. Taylor expressed even such an opinion that it is very difficult to formulate a definitive definition of these linguistic facts and that only intuition can help us to differentiate a proverb from other kinds of text: “The definition of a proverb is too difficult to repay the undertaking; and should we fortunately combine in a single definition all the essential elements and give each the proper emphasis, we should not even then have a touchstone. An incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one is not.” I consider that A. Taylor is too categorical in its theory and that it is possible to sum the markers of the proverbial statements into a definition. I took into consideration the following definition attempts made by other linguists and paremiologists.