Микроскопиялық зерттеу әдістері презентациясы

Makhambet Utemisov West Kazakhstan State University

Natural – geographical faculty

Department of biology and ecology

Subject: Microbiology

Theme : Microscopic method researches. Principles.

Short characteristic separate techniques of a microscopy

Uralsk - 2018

A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός , mikrós , "small" and σκο πεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

Microscopic research methods - ways to study various objects with a microscope. In biology and medicine, these methods allow us to study the structure of microscopic objects, the dimensions of which lie beyond the resolving power of the human eye. The basis of microscopic research methods is light and electron microscopy. In practical and scientific activities, doctors of various specialties - virologists, microbiologists, cytologists, morphologists, hematologists, and others. In addition to conventional light microscopy, phase-contrast, interference, luminescence, polarization, stereoscopic, ultraviolet, infrared microscopy are used. These methods are based on various properties of light. In electron microscopy, the image of the objects of study arises due to the directed flow of electrons.

The diameter of the cocci varies from 0.5 to 2.5 μm , the rod-shaped and spiral-shaped forms from 0.1 to 2 μm , the length of the rod-shaped individuals from 0.2 to 8-10 μm , the length of the spiral-like individuals from 4 to 50 μm .

The human eye sees objects of about 0.1 mm, and distinguishes parts in objects of at least 1 mm in size

The size of most bacteria is from 1 to 10 microns

The main optical part of any microscope - the lens. It consists of a complex centered lens system, making it possible to get a correct, enlarged inverse image of an object. Each lens is characterized by the following main constants: focal length, magnification, resolution, numerical aperture, acting hole. Own magnification of the lenses is indicated on the frame (8, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 100).? The resolution of the lens, i.e. the property to depict the smallest details of the preparation, is characterized by the shortest distance at which two closely spaced points are distinguished. The resolution is determined by the formula:? E = λ / A,? where E is the resolution of the lens; ? λ is the light wavelength; ? A - numerical aperture. The numerical aperture (“coverage” of a lens) is the product of the refractive index of the medium separating an object from the front lens of a microscope objective by the sinus of the aperture angle.

Bright field

microscopy