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Diptera

Sagyntai Shyryn

BO-44 eng

Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Euarthropoda

Class:

Insecta

Superorder:

Panorpida

(unranked):

Antliophora

Order:

Diptera

Flies are insects with a pair of functional wings for flight and a pair of vestigial hindwings called halteres for balance. They are classified as an order called Diptera , that name being derived from the Greek δι - di- "two", and π τερόν pteron "wings". The order Diptera is divided into two suborders (although one suborder is non- monophyletic ), with about 110 families divided between them; the families contain an estimated one million named species , including the familiar housefly , horse-fly , crane fly , and hoverfly ; although only about 125,000 species have a species description published.The earliest fly fossils found so far are from the Triassic , about 240 million years ago; phylogenetic analysis suggests that flies originated in the Permian , about 260 million years ago. Many insects, such as the butterfly , contain the word fly in their name, but are not Dipterans. Also, the word "fly" is sometimes used colloquially and non-scientifically as a name for any small flying insect: the term "true fly" is sometimes invoked to make clear the insect being referenced is a Dipteran.

General Features

Diversity among dipterans. Line scales indicate the approximate size of each insect.

Classification & Distribution Holometabola complete development (egg, larva, pupa, adult) The Diptera have traditionally been divided into three suborders: - Nematocera (flies with multisegmented antennae) - Brachycera (flies with stylate antennae) - Cyclorrhapha (flies with aristate antennae) In some newer classifications, Brachycera includes the Cyclorrhapha . Distribution: Abundant worldwide. Larvae are found in all fresh water, semi-aquatic, and moist terrestrial environments.

Physical Features

Immatures :

Culiciform

Head capsule present with chewing mouthparts

Legs absent

Vermiform (maggots)

Without legs or a distinct head capsule

Mouthparts reduced; only present as mouth hooks

Adults:

Antennae filiform , stylate , or aristate

Mouthparts suctorial ( haustellate )

Mesothorax larger than pro- or metathorax

One pair of wings (front); hind wings reduced ( halteres )

Tarsi 5-segmented

Head

Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large compound eyes on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small ocelli on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour . The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups . Female horse-flies use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large diverticulae , allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal.

Other sensory receptors Like other insects, flies have chemoreceptors that detect smell and taste, and mechanoreceptors that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia , enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing . Flies that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions , and use them to home in on their hosts, and many blood-sucking flies can detect the raised concentration of carbon dioxide that occurs near large animals . Some tachinid flies ( Ormiinae ) which are parasitoids of bush crickets , have sound receptors to…