Лондон қызықты қала тақырыбындағы таныстырылым, 9-сынып

London

i /ˈ lʌndən / is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom , the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. O cated on the River Thames , London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London's ancient core, the City of London , largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century , the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core . The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area , governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly .

London is a leading global city , with strengths in the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence . It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world , and the largest in Europe . London has been described as a world cultural capital . i s the world's most-visited city and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe . In 2012 London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times .

London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries . In March 2011, London had an official population of 8,174,100, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5% of the UK population . The Greater London Urban Area is the second-largest in the EU with a population of 8,278,251, while the London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with an estimated total population of between 12 million and 14 million . London had the largest population of any city in the world from around 1831 to 1925 .

London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory marks the Prime Meridian , 0° longitude , and GMT . Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square and Wembley Stadium . London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum , National Gallery , Tate Modern , British Library , Wimbledon , and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world

LONDON

In 1300 the City was still confined within the Roman walls .

Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the

Romans in 43 AD. This lasted for just seventeen years and around 61, the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it,

burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned incarnation of the city prospered and superseded Colchester as the capital

of the Roman province of Britannia in 100 . At its height during the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around

60,000 . By the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons had created a new settlementcalled Lundenwic over a mile (2 km) upstream

from the old Roman city, around what is now Covent Garden .It is likely that there was a harbour at the mouth of the River

Fleet for fishing and trading, and this trading grew, until the

city was overcome by the Vikings and forced to move east, back to the location of the Roman Londinium , in order to use its

walls for protection. Viking attacks continued to increase, until 886 when Alfred the Great recaptured London and made peace

with the Danish leader, Guthrum . The original Saxon city of Lundenwic became Ealdwic ("old city"), a name surviving to the

present day as Aldwych , which is in the modern City of Westminster .Two recent discoveries indicate that London could be

much older than previously thought. In 1999 the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of

Vauxhall Bridge . [42] This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a (lost) island in the river. Dendrology dated the

timbers to 1500BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500BC, were found on the Thames

foreshore, South of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known, but it covers at least 50m x 10m,

and numerous 30 cm posts are visible at low tides. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the

River Effra flows into the River Thames, and 4 km upstream from the Roman City of London. The effort required to construct

these structures implies trade, stability, and a community size of several hundred people

at least.

history and antiquity

History

The name London may derive from the River Thames

The etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name and can be found in sources from the 2nd

century . It is recorded c . 121 as Londinium , which points to Romano-British origin. The earliest attempted

explanation , now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae .

This had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud , who had allegedly taken over the city and

named it Kaerlud .

From 1898 it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to

a man called * Londinos ; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an

explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *( p) lowonida , meaning 'river too

wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows

through London ; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, * Lowonidonjon ; this requires

quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with

the modern Welsh Llundain , which should demand a form *(h) lōndinion ( as opposed to * londīnion ), from

earlier * loundiniom ; however this has proved difficult to interpret . The possibility cannot be ruled out that